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Norbert Frýd (born Norbert Fried) (21 April 1913 – 18 March 1976) was a Czech writer, journalist and diplomat. He is known mainly for his autobiographical novel ''Krabice živých'' (A Box of Lives, 1956), in which he describes his experiences in Nazi concentration camps. During World War II, he was imprisoned in the Theresienstadt, Auschwitz and Dachau-Kaufering concentration camps. == Biography == Norbert Fried was born in České Budějovice to a family of Jewish merchants. His father was a Czech Jew and his mother came from a German Jewish family. He studied at the German gymnasium in his home town, graduating in 1932. He went on to study the Faculty of Law of the Charles University in Prague. After graduating in 1937 he studied for a doctorate in modern literature at the Faculty of Arts and Philosophy. He submitted his thesis on "The Origins of Czech Surrealism" in 1939 but was not awarded his PhD until 1945.〔 In the mid-1930s, he became involved with the "Leftist Front" cultural and political movement in Prague. He was a close collaborator with Emil František Burian, and became friends with various Jewish artists, such as Hanuš Bonn, Robert Guttmannn, Jindřich Heisler, Jiří Orten and Josef Taussig.〔 It was while working at Burian's theatre that his collaborative partnership with the composer Karel Reiner began. Together, they created the farce ''Mistr Pleticha'', based on the French original, ''Maître Patelin''. Reiner composed the music and Frýd wrote the lyrics.〔Kuna (2008), p. 72〕 In 1936 he began working as a lyricist, editor and script-writer for Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer and RKO Radiofilm. In 1939, when Jews were excluded from public employment, he was forced to work as a manual laborer not allowed to work for anyone outside Prague's Jewish community.〔 In November 1942, Frýd was imprisoned in *the ghetto at Theresienstadt, where he became involved in the clandestine cultural life of the community. He wrote a collection of nursery rhymes, ''Abeceda květovaného koně'',〔Menclová (2005), p. 179〕 which later he and Karel Reiner rearranged into a set of children's songs and choruses that were successfully performed in the ghetto.〔Kuna (2008), p. 120〕 He also directed the play ''Esther'' (with music by Reiner). In Autumn 1944, he was transported to Auschwitz concentration camp, along with all the other artists imprisoned in Theresienstadt.〔Kuna (2008), p. 156〕〔In September/October 1944, the Nazis sent the inmates from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz in 11 transports. Of 18,402 prisoners, only 1574 survived and saw the end of the war. Norbert Frýd was deported to Auschwitz in the first transport, on 28 September 1944.〕 At Auschwitz, he spent several nights sitting (together with thousands of other people) on a concrete floor in block "E2", located on the site of the former Roma camp.〔Kuna (2008), p. 158〕 Subsequently, he was transferred to Dachau-Kaufering. "I was in Dachau-Kaufering at the end of 1944", he later remembered, "when the boys from all over Europe – French, Dutch, Germans, Poles, Yugoslavs, Greeks, we Czechs and I don't know who else – began to sing ''The Internationale'' in their mother languages, all together. It was a sound like I'd never heard before."〔Kuna (1990), p. 165 ''"Byl jsem v Dachau-Kauferingu koncem roku 1944," vzpomínal Norbert Frýd, "když se rozezpívali kluci z celé Evropy – Francouzi, Holanďané, Němci, Poláci, Jugoslávci, Řekové, my Češi a já nevím kdo ještě – každý jsme zpívali "Internacionálu" ve vlastní mateřštině, a přece dohromady. Znělo mi to jako nikdy předtím."''〕 In April 1945, as the SS were starting to evacuate the camps, he managed to escape. Frýd's father, brother and wife died in the concentration camps and he appears to have been the only member of his family to survive the Holocaust.〔 During the immediate postwar period, he helped the Americans as an interpreter during the interrogation of the Dachau SS guards. He returned to Prague on 22 May 1945, together with his friend Karel Reiner.〔Kuna (2008), p. 165〕 After the war, he worked as a journalist and an official of the Czechoslovak Communist Party. In 1946, he changed his name to Frýd. A year later, in 1947, he became a cultural diplomatic attaché in Mexico and subsequently served in various diplomatic posts in Latin America and the U.S. After a brief period of employment with Czechoslovak Radio from 1951–1953, he embarked on a career as a freelance writer.〔 His childhood friend, the writer Lenka Reinerová, recalled in an interview how he had helped her when she was arrested in 1952. She remembered him as being "the only person who protested against my arrest by the communist authorities.〔After the war, Reinerová spent 15 months in a communist prison.〕 You know, I remembered him as a cheerful guy who was always playing the guitar and singing. Then he was taken in a transport to the camps. He came back from Dachau, but he was a different person. No guitar, no singing. When I gave him my hand, I realized the terrible change. He had cold moist hands, as if you were touching a corpse. He suffered from depression and anxiety. He had to cope with terrible fear. And yet he wasn't scared and went to the communist Department of the Interior on my behalf", she said.〔 ''"Jediný člověk se odvážil protestovat, šel dokonce až na ministerstvo vnitra a snažil se je tam přesvědčit, že jsem nic neprovedla, ale nic nezmohl. Byl to můj kamarád z mládí, spisovatel Norbert Frýd. Víte, pamatovala jsem si ho jako veselého kluka, co stále hrál na kytaru a zpíval. Pak ho odvezli v transportu, z Dachau se vrátil, ale už to byl jiný člověk. Žádná kytara, žádné zpívání. Kdykoliv jsem mu podala ruku, uvědomovala jsem si tu strašnou změnu. Měl vlhké studené ruce, jako kdybyste sáhla na mrtvého. Trápily ho deprese a úzkosti. On musel prožít hrozný strach. Ale vidíte – jediný se nebál a šel kvůli mně až na vnitro!"''〕 From 1951 until the early 1970s, he served as a delegate to UNESCO.〔 Frýd died in Prague in 1976. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Norbert Frýd」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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